Tutorials and practicals for biological psychology teaching

This month I have been teaching 1st year Lincoln Undergraduates Neuroscience for the first time. I started teaching this topic at Exeter University 10 years ago and over that time I have developed materials, resources and approaches which address some of the problems lecturers often face in teaching psychology students about the brain.

   One problem is that neuroscience is often taught to students as “facts” rather than hard earned knowledge acquired from research studies, but unlike other areas of psychology it is difficult to find published studies in neuroscience suitable for using as the basis for a tutorial. Another problem is that very few psychology departments have facilities to give 200 undergraduates hands on experience of electrophysiological techniques or dissection of real brains, which limits what can be done in a lab class format.

   As a solution I devised several small group tutorials which engage the students in active problem solving tasks. In our “neuropsychology clinic” students are given patient case descriptions (based loosely on real cases). They work in groups and in turns request items of further information to view from the patients “records”, including various different neuropsychological test results, visual perimetry plots, MRI scans etc.. They have to use this information to work out a diagnosis e.g. apperceptive agnosia. In the “Neural Communication tutorial”, amongst other activities, students work through a series of cartoons depicting neuronal dendritic trees with several incoming axons and synapses, each with a different specified excitatory or inhibitory weight and action potential activity. Their task is to work out whether the neuron will reach a given threshold and “fire” or “not fire” its own action potential and the adding, subtraction and multiplication involved gets more and more complicated in each successive problem. This exercise helps students understand the work of John Eccles on post-synaptic potentials (PSPs), processes of temporal and spatial summation of PSPs and how computational processes occurring at the cellular level relate to the psychology of choice and decision making.

   Finally in our “Brain Lab practical” students visualise structures in the brain on a real 3D MRI scan. They learn how to operate a commonly used software tool for neuroimaging research in order to visualise cortical and sub-cortical brain structures. Students are then given a series of scans of real patient brains alongside a series of patient case descriptions and have to match the MRI scan to the correct case description (e.g.  Brocas area stroke; fronto-temporal dementia). Brain models, atlases, text books, colouring books and brain hats! are made available in the classroom to add to the fun.

   Both tutorials can be run by post-graduates with little advanced specialist knowledge of the topics covered, will work with groups of up to 25 and last about an hour each. The practical class requires MRIcron software to be installed (free) and fills a 2 hour session.

Please let me know if you are interested in using or adapting any of these resources in your course and I will be glad to send you the supporting materials.

Early Career Researcher Position in Psychology / Cognitive Neuroscience

A lectureship is curently available in the School of Psychology University of Lincoln for an early career researcher. In order to qualify as an early career researcher you may have recently completed a PhD or a post-doctoral research position for several years but not held a grant in your own right or a full academic appointment with a requirement to develop independent research. We are interested in candidates from all areas of psychology who have a good and developing publication record and potential for gaining research funding, but please get in touch with me in particular if your research area is in neuropsychology, visual or cognitive neuroscience to discuss this opportunity.

A link to the job advert is given here http://www.jobs.ac.uk/job/AFE866/early-career-researchers/ and further details of the Schools research groups and staff interests are here:  http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/psychology/research/

The School of Psychology is well equiped for Cognitive Neuroscience research with a full EEG / ERP recording system, Tobii and Eyelink 1000 Eyetracker as well  a Transcranial Magentic Stimulation system, Sleep Lab and psychophysiological recording equipment. Opportunities for carrying out fMRI based research also exist via several close by research centres. We are also developing excellent links with nearby local hospitals for patient based work.

Research explores rule switching across the life span

You are an astronaut trying to boldy go where nobody has gone before… but two naughty aliens have stolen vital bits of your rocket motor, leaving you stranded on an asteroid in a very boring corner of the solar system. Luckily the aliens are simple creatures who like to use the same craters to hide their booty:  the colour of the alien tells you which one of the two craters (left or right) to look in. Your task is to work out which colour alien goes with which crater, but watch out as the tricky aliens keep swapping which crater goes with each colour!

 How do our brains learn rules linking what we see with where we direct action? This simple ability is important for many visual tasks ranging from crossing the road safely to playing chess. Research from myself and collaborators has used an eye movement “Rule switching” task in which people have to learn rules linking a coloured shape (displayed on a computer screen) and a saccade (eye movement) to the left or right to get a “reward” (a smiley emoticon). We have shown that adult patients with different types of neurological and psychiatric problems have difficulty with this task. For example, damage to the frontal parts of the brain can lead to problems in switching between rules and stopping oneself making eye movements based upon the old rule.

At  the Lincoln summer scientist event this year we’ll be looking at how children of different ages do this task in order to gain insights into how rule learning and cognitive flexibility develops over the lifespan. For example, do children (whose brains’ haven’t finished developing yet) show any similarities to adults who have been unfortunate enough to have suffered strokes? Or, perhaps they might actually be better than older healthy participants who usually show a big performance “cost” when rules change and make more “corrective” saccades as if the old rule is still “active” somewhere in the brain.

  Of course, we’ve had to make the task a bit more fun for the young scientists who’ll be helping us with our research (hence the aliens and asteroids). We are also using our brand new Eyelink 1000 eye tracker for the first time as it allows “head free”eye tracking, making it much better for use with kids (see eye movements on U-tube).Visiting research student Rebecca Facey from the University of Exeter will also be helping out with the project.

It promises to be a busy but fun week, so its: 5..4..3..2..1 blastoff! forLincoln summer scientist 2012.

References

Huddy VC, Hodgson TL, Ron MA, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM (2011) Abnormal negative feedback processing in first episode schizophrenia: evidence from an oculomotor rule switching task. Psychological Medicine 41(9),   p 1805-1814.

Hodgson TL, Chamberlain M, Parris BA, James M, Gutowski NJ, Husain M, and Kennard C. (2007) The role of the ventrolateral frontal cortex in inhibitory oculomotor control. Brain, 130: 1525-1537.

Husain M, Parton A, Hodgson T, Mort D & Rees G (2003) “Self-control during response conflict by human supplementary eye field.” Nature Neuroscience. 6(2): 117-118.

 

 

Eye Movements Now On U-Tube

I have uploaded a number of eye movement recordings taken from various projects I have been involved with over the years using the Eyelink eye tracking system, to a dedicated U-tube channel! Anyone can browse, ask questions or comment on the videos and I have given links to the relevant publications where available. I’ll be uploading some more soon but take a look here:

http://www.youtube.com/user/HodgsonTim/videos?view=0

The School of Psychology has recently just taken delivery of the next generation of Eyelink system the Eyelink 1000 http://www.sr-research.com/index.html

Most of the videos on the U-tube site were taken with the Eyelink 2. The Eyelink 1000 allows for “heads free” tracking at high spatial and temporal resolution. We plan to use it for testing in neurological patients as well as at the forthcoming Summer Scientist research day http://summerscientist.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/

Visual Neuroscience and Specialist Education

We have been invited to submit a full version of our Knowledge Transfer Partnership proposal with the West of England School and College for Young People with Little or No Sight (http://www.westengland.ac.uk/).

The project aims to bring knowledge of visual neuroscience into specialist visual impairment education, where a large number of children have visual problems that are of a neurological origin (rather than arising from disorders of the eye). This innovative partnership with the University of Lincoln School of Psychology and School of Computer Science will also develop a visual rehabilitation “game”: A fun computer based tool which will benefit children with visual field loss (i.e. “holes” in their vision due to damage to the brains visual pathways). The game will use principles derived from existing programmes used in adults with visual field loss, in which patients have to search for difficult to find objects on a computer screen (a so-called “visual search” task), but modified to make them more interesting and fun for children and to maximise the efficiency of learning.

I am personally excited about the prospect of this project coming to fruition and it represents a great opportunity to generat impact from knowledge derived from neuroscience and psychology in order to put it into practice in specialist education.

References and relevant links

Pambakian ALM, Mannan SK, Hodgson TL & Kennard C (2004) Saccadic visual search training: a treatment for patients with homonymous hemianopia Journal Of Neurology Neurosurgery And Psychiatry  75(10): 1443-1448.

http://hemianopia.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/another-visual-search-saccade-training.html